Gracefully fail to resolve associated items instead of `delay_span_bug`.
`codegen_fulfill_obligation` is used during instance resolution for trait items.
In case of insufficient normalization issues during MIR inlining, it caused ICEs.
It's better to gracefully refuse to resolve the associated item, and let the caller decide what to do with this.
Split from https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/91743Closes#69121Closes#73021Closes#88599Closes#93008Closes#93248Closes#94680Closes#96170
r? `@oli-obk`