rust/library/core/src/task/wake.rs

#![stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]

use crate::fmt;
use crate::marker::PhantomData;
use crate::ptr;

/// A `RawWaker` allows the implementor of a task executor to create a [`Waker`]
/// which provides customized wakeup behavior.
///
/// [vtable]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table
///
/// It consists of a data pointer and a [virtual function pointer table (vtable)][vtable]
/// that customizes the behavior of the `RawWaker`.
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
pub struct RawWaker {
    /// A data pointer, which can be used to store arbitrary data as required
    /// by the executor. This could be e.g. a type-erased pointer to an `Arc`
    /// that is associated with the task.
    /// The value of this field gets passed to all functions that are part of
    /// the vtable as the first parameter.
    data: *const (),
    /// Virtual function pointer table that customizes the behavior of this waker.
    vtable: &'static RawWakerVTable,
}

impl RawWaker {
    /// Creates a new `RawWaker` from the provided `data` pointer and `vtable`.
    ///
    /// The `data` pointer can be used to store arbitrary data as required
    /// by the executor. This could be e.g. a type-erased pointer to an `Arc`
    /// that is associated with the task.
    /// The value of this pointer will get passed to all functions that are part
    /// of the `vtable` as the first parameter.
    ///
    /// The `vtable` customizes the behavior of a `Waker` which gets created
    /// from a `RawWaker`. For each operation on the `Waker`, the associated
    /// function in the `vtable` of the underlying `RawWaker` will be called.
    #[inline]
    #[rustc_promotable]
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new(data: *const (), vtable: &'static RawWakerVTable) -> RawWaker {
        RawWaker { data, vtable }
    }

    /// Get the `data` pointer used to create this `RawWaker`.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[unstable(feature = "waker_getters", issue = "96992")]
    pub fn data(&self) -> *const () {
        self.data
    }

    /// Get the `vtable` pointer used to create this `RawWaker`.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[unstable(feature = "waker_getters", issue = "96992")]
    pub fn vtable(&self) -> &'static RawWakerVTable {
        self.vtable
    }
}

/// A virtual function pointer table (vtable) that specifies the behavior
/// of a [`RawWaker`].
///
/// The pointer passed to all functions inside the vtable is the `data` pointer
/// from the enclosing [`RawWaker`] object.
///
/// The functions inside this struct are only intended to be called on the `data`
/// pointer of a properly constructed [`RawWaker`] object from inside the
/// [`RawWaker`] implementation. Calling one of the contained functions using
/// any other `data` pointer will cause undefined behavior.
///
/// These functions must all be thread-safe (even though [`RawWaker`] is
/// <code>\![Send] + \![Sync]</code>)
/// because [`Waker`] is <code>[Send] + [Sync]</code>, and thus wakers may be moved to
/// arbitrary threads or invoked by `&` reference. For example, this means that if the
/// `clone` and `drop` functions manage a reference count, they must do so atomically.
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
#[derive(PartialEq, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct RawWakerVTable {
    /// This function will be called when the [`RawWaker`] gets cloned, e.g. when
    /// the [`Waker`] in which the [`RawWaker`] is stored gets cloned.
    ///
    /// The implementation of this function must retain all resources that are
    /// required for this additional instance of a [`RawWaker`] and associated
    /// task. Calling `wake` on the resulting [`RawWaker`] should result in a wakeup
    /// of the same task that would have been awoken by the original [`RawWaker`].
    clone: unsafe fn(*const ()) -> RawWaker,

    /// This function will be called when `wake` is called on the [`Waker`].
    /// It must wake up the task associated with this [`RawWaker`].
    ///
    /// The implementation of this function must make sure to release any
    /// resources that are associated with this instance of a [`RawWaker`] and
    /// associated task.
    wake: unsafe fn(*const ()),

    /// This function will be called when `wake_by_ref` is called on the [`Waker`].
    /// It must wake up the task associated with this [`RawWaker`].
    ///
    /// This function is similar to `wake`, but must not consume the provided data
    /// pointer.
    wake_by_ref: unsafe fn(*const ()),

    /// This function gets called when a [`Waker`] gets dropped.
    ///
    /// The implementation of this function must make sure to release any
    /// resources that are associated with this instance of a [`RawWaker`] and
    /// associated task.
    drop: unsafe fn(*const ()),
}

impl RawWakerVTable {
    /// Creates a new `RawWakerVTable` from the provided `clone`, `wake`,
    /// `wake_by_ref`, and `drop` functions.
    ///
    /// These functions must all be thread-safe (even though [`RawWaker`] is
    /// <code>\![Send] + \![Sync]</code>)
    /// because [`Waker`] is <code>[Send] + [Sync]</code>, and thus wakers may be moved to
    /// arbitrary threads or invoked by `&` reference. For example, this means that if the
    /// `clone` and `drop` functions manage a reference count, they must do so atomically.
    ///
    /// # `clone`
    ///
    /// This function will be called when the [`RawWaker`] gets cloned, e.g. when
    /// the [`Waker`] in which the [`RawWaker`] is stored gets cloned.
    ///
    /// The implementation of this function must retain all resources that are
    /// required for this additional instance of a [`RawWaker`] and associated
    /// task. Calling `wake` on the resulting [`RawWaker`] should result in a wakeup
    /// of the same task that would have been awoken by the original [`RawWaker`].
    ///
    /// # `wake`
    ///
    /// This function will be called when `wake` is called on the [`Waker`].
    /// It must wake up the task associated with this [`RawWaker`].
    ///
    /// The implementation of this function must make sure to release any
    /// resources that are associated with this instance of a [`RawWaker`] and
    /// associated task.
    ///
    /// # `wake_by_ref`
    ///
    /// This function will be called when `wake_by_ref` is called on the [`Waker`].
    /// It must wake up the task associated with this [`RawWaker`].
    ///
    /// This function is similar to `wake`, but must not consume the provided data
    /// pointer.
    ///
    /// # `drop`
    ///
    /// This function gets called when a [`Waker`] gets dropped.
    ///
    /// The implementation of this function must make sure to release any
    /// resources that are associated with this instance of a [`RawWaker`] and
    /// associated task.
    #[rustc_promotable]
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    pub const fn new(
        clone: unsafe fn(*const ()) -> RawWaker,
        wake: unsafe fn(*const ()),
        wake_by_ref: unsafe fn(*const ()),
        drop: unsafe fn(*const ()),
    ) -> Self {
        Self { clone, wake, wake_by_ref, drop }
    }
}

/// The context of an asynchronous task.
///
/// Currently, `Context` only serves to provide access to a [`&Waker`](Waker)
/// which can be used to wake the current task.
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
#[lang = "Context"]
pub struct Context<'a> {
    waker: &'a Waker,
    // Ensure we future-proof against variance changes by forcing
    // the lifetime to be invariant (argument-position lifetimes
    // are contravariant while return-position lifetimes are
    // covariant).
    _marker: PhantomData<fn(&'a ()) -> &'a ()>,
    // Ensure `Context` is `!Send` and `!Sync` in order to allow
    // for future `!Send` and / or `!Sync` fields.
    _marker2: PhantomData<*mut ()>,
}

impl<'a> Context<'a> {
    /// Create a new `Context` from a [`&Waker`](Waker).
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_waker", issue = "102012")]
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub const fn from_waker(waker: &'a Waker) -> Self {
        Context { waker, _marker: PhantomData, _marker2: PhantomData }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the [`Waker`] for the current task.
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_waker", issue = "102012")]
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub const fn waker(&self) -> &'a Waker {
        &self.waker
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
impl fmt::Debug for Context<'_> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Context").field("waker", &self.waker).finish()
    }
}

/// A `Waker` is a handle for waking up a task by notifying its executor that it
/// is ready to be run.
///
/// This handle encapsulates a [`RawWaker`] instance, which defines the
/// executor-specific wakeup behavior.
///
/// The typical life of a `Waker` is that it is constructed by an executor, wrapped in a
/// [`Context`], then passed to [`Future::poll()`]. Then, if the future chooses to return
/// [`Poll::Pending`], it must also store the waker somehow and call [`Waker::wake()`] when
/// the future should be polled again.
///
/// Implements [`Clone`], [`Send`], and [`Sync`]; therefore, a waker may be invoked
/// from any thread, including ones not in any way managed by the executor. For example,
/// this might be done to wake a future when a blocking function call completes on another
/// thread.
///
/// Note that it is preferable to use `waker.clone_from(&new_waker)` instead
/// of `*waker = new_waker.clone()`, as the former will avoid cloning the waker
/// unnecessarily if the two wakers [wake the same task](Self::will_wake).
///
/// [`Future::poll()`]: core::future::Future::poll
/// [`Poll::Pending`]: core::task::Poll::Pending
#[cfg_attr(not(doc), repr(transparent))] // work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/66401
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
pub struct Waker {
    waker: RawWaker,
}

#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
impl Unpin for Waker {}
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
unsafe impl Send for Waker {}
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
unsafe impl Sync for Waker {}

impl Waker {
    /// Wake up the task associated with this `Waker`.
    ///
    /// As long as the executor keeps running and the task is not finished, it is
    /// guaranteed that each invocation of [`wake()`](Self::wake) (or
    /// [`wake_by_ref()`](Self::wake_by_ref)) will be followed by at least one
    /// [`poll()`] of the task to which this `Waker` belongs. This makes
    /// it possible to temporarily yield to other tasks while running potentially
    /// unbounded processing loops.
    ///
    /// Note that the above implies that multiple wake-ups may be coalesced into a
    /// single [`poll()`] invocation by the runtime.
    ///
    /// Also note that yielding to competing tasks is not guaranteed: it is the
    /// executor’s choice which task to run and the executor may choose to run the
    /// current task again.
    ///
    /// [`poll()`]: crate::future::Future::poll
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    pub fn wake(self) {
        // The actual wakeup call is delegated through a virtual function call
        // to the implementation which is defined by the executor.
        let wake = self.waker.vtable.wake;
        let data = self.waker.data;

        // Don't call `drop` -- the waker will be consumed by `wake`.
        crate::mem::forget(self);

        // SAFETY: This is safe because `Waker::from_raw` is the only way
        // to initialize `wake` and `data` requiring the user to acknowledge
        // that the contract of `RawWaker` is upheld.
        unsafe { (wake)(data) };
    }

    /// Wake up the task associated with this `Waker` without consuming the `Waker`.
    ///
    /// This is similar to [`wake()`](Self::wake), but may be slightly less efficient in
    /// the case where an owned `Waker` is available. This method should be preferred to
    /// calling `waker.clone().wake()`.
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    pub fn wake_by_ref(&self) {
        // The actual wakeup call is delegated through a virtual function call
        // to the implementation which is defined by the executor.

        // SAFETY: see `wake`
        unsafe { (self.waker.vtable.wake_by_ref)(self.waker.data) }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this `Waker` and another `Waker` would awake the same task.
    ///
    /// This function works on a best-effort basis, and may return false even
    /// when the `Waker`s would awaken the same task. However, if this function
    /// returns `true`, it is guaranteed that the `Waker`s will awaken the same task.
    ///
    /// This function is primarily used for optimization purposes — for example,
    /// this type's [`clone_from`](Self::clone_from) implementation uses it to
    /// avoid cloning the waker when they would wake the same task anyway.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    pub fn will_wake(&self, other: &Waker) -> bool {
        self.waker == other.waker
    }

    /// Creates a new `Waker` from [`RawWaker`].
    ///
    /// The behavior of the returned `Waker` is undefined if the contract defined
    /// in [`RawWaker`]'s and [`RawWakerVTable`]'s documentation is not upheld.
    /// Therefore this method is unsafe.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_waker", issue = "102012")]
    pub const unsafe fn from_raw(waker: RawWaker) -> Waker {
        Waker { waker }
    }

    /// Creates a new `Waker` that does nothing when `wake` is called.
    ///
    /// This is mostly useful for writing tests that need a [`Context`] to poll
    /// some futures, but are not expecting those futures to wake the waker or
    /// do not need to do anything specific if it happens.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(noop_waker)]
    ///
    /// use std::future::Future;
    /// use std::task;
    ///
    /// let waker = task::Waker::noop();
    /// let mut cx = task::Context::from_waker(&waker);
    ///
    /// let mut future = Box::pin(async { 10 });
    /// assert_eq!(future.as_mut().poll(&mut cx), task::Poll::Ready(10));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[unstable(feature = "noop_waker", issue = "98286")]
    pub const fn noop() -> Waker {
        const VTABLE: RawWakerVTable = RawWakerVTable::new(
            // Cloning just returns a new no-op raw waker
            |_| RAW,
            // `wake` does nothing
            |_| {},
            // `wake_by_ref` does nothing
            |_| {},
            // Dropping does nothing as we don't allocate anything
            |_| {},
        );
        const RAW: RawWaker = RawWaker::new(ptr::null(), &VTABLE);

        Waker { waker: RAW }
    }

    /// Get a reference to the underlying [`RawWaker`].
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[unstable(feature = "waker_getters", issue = "96992")]
    pub fn as_raw(&self) -> &RawWaker {
        &self.waker
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
impl Clone for Waker {
    #[inline]
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Waker {
            // SAFETY: This is safe because `Waker::from_raw` is the only way
            // to initialize `clone` and `data` requiring the user to acknowledge
            // that the contract of [`RawWaker`] is upheld.
            waker: unsafe { (self.waker.vtable.clone)(self.waker.data) },
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
        if !self.will_wake(source) {
            *self = source.clone();
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
impl Drop for Waker {
    #[inline]
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // SAFETY: This is safe because `Waker::from_raw` is the only way
        // to initialize `drop` and `data` requiring the user to acknowledge
        // that the contract of `RawWaker` is upheld.
        unsafe { (self.waker.vtable.drop)(self.waker.data) }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
impl fmt::Debug for Waker {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let vtable_ptr = self.waker.vtable as *const RawWakerVTable;
        f.debug_struct("Waker")
            .field("data", &self.waker.data)
            .field("vtable", &vtable_ptr)
            .finish()
    }
}