Clarify the possible return values of `len_utf16`
`char::len_utf16` always return 1 or 2. Clarify this in the docs, in the same way as `char::len_utf8`.
Add documentation about the memory layout of `UnsafeCell<T>`
The documentation for `UnsafeCell<T>` currently does not make any promises about its memory layout. This PR adds this documentation, namely that the memory layout of `UnsafeCell<T>` is the same as the memory layout of its inner `T`.
# Use case
Without this layout promise, the following cast would not be legally possible:
```rust
fn example<T>(ptr: *mut T) -> *const UnsafeCell<T> {
ptr as *const UnsafeCell<T>
}
```
A use case where this can come up involves FFI. If Rust receives a pointer over a FFI boundary which provides shared read-write access (with some form of custom synchronization), and this pointer is managed by some Rust struct with lifetime `'a`, then it would greatly simplify its (internal) API and safety contract if a `&'a UnsafeCell<T>` can be created from a raw FFI pointer `*mut T`. A lot of safety checks can be done when receiving the pointer for the first time through FFI (non-nullness, alignment, initialize uninit bytes, etc.) and these properties can then be encoded into the `&UnsafeCell<T>` type. Without this documentation guarantee, this is not legal today outside of the standard library.
# Caveats
Casting in the opposite direction is still not valid, even with this documentation change:
```rust
fn example2<T>(ptr: &UnsafeCell<T>) -> &mut T {
let t = ptr as *const UnsafeCell<T> as *mut T;
unsafe { &mut *t }
}
```
This is because the only legal way to obtain a mutable pointer to the contents of the shared reference is through [`UnsafeCell::get`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html#method.get) and [`UnsafeCell::raw_get`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.UnsafeCell.html#method.raw_get). Although there might be a desire to also make this legal at some point in the future, that part is outside the scope of this PR. Also see this relevant [Zulip thread](https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/136281-t-lang.2Fwg-unsafe-code-guidelines/topic/transmuting.20.26.20-.3E.20.26mut).
# Alternatives
Instead of adding a new documentation promise, it's also possible to add a new method to `UnsafeCell<T>` with signature `pub fn from_ptr_bikeshed(ptr: *mut T) -> *const UnsafeCell<T>` which indirectly only allows one-way casting to `*const UnsafeCell<T>`.
Fix `Duration::{try_,}from_secs_f{32,64}(-0.0)`
Make `Duration::{try_,}from_secs_f{32,64}(-0.0)` return `Duration::ZERO` (as they did before #90247) instead of erroring/panicking.
I'll update this PR to remove the `#![feature(duration_checked_float)]` if #102271 is merged before this PR.
Tracking issue for `try_from_secs_f{32,64}`: #83400
nicer errors from assert_unsafe_precondition
This makes the errors shown by cargo-careful nicer, and since `panic_no_unwind` is `nounwind noreturn` it hopefully doesn't have bad codegen impact. Thanks to `@bjorn3` for the hint!
Would be nice if we could somehow supply our own (static) message to print, currently it always prints `panic in a function that cannot unwind`. But still, this is better than before.
Warn about safety of `fetch_update`
Specifically as it relates to the ABA problem.
`fetch_update` is a useful function, and one that isn't provided by, say, C++. However, this does not mean the function is magic. It is implemented in terms of `compare_exchange_weak`, and in particular, suffers from the ABA problem. See the following code, which is a naive implementation of `pop` in a lock-free queue:
```rust
fn pop(&self) -> Option<i32> {
self.front.fetch_update(Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Acquire, |front| {
if front == ptr::null_mut() {
None
}
else {
Some(unsafe { (*front).next })
}
}.ok()
}
```
This code is unsound if called from multiple threads because of the ABA problem. Specifically, suppose nodes are allocated with `Box`. Suppose the following sequence happens:
```
Initial: Queue is X -> Y.
Thread A: Starts popping, is pre-empted.
Thread B: Pops successfully, twice, leaving the queue empty.
Thread C: Pushes, and `Box` returns X (very common for allocators)
Thread A: Wakes up, sees the head is still X, and stores Y as the new head.
```
But `Y` is deallocated. This is undefined behaviour.
Adding a note about this problem to `fetch_update` should hopefully prevent users from being misled, and also, a link to this common problem is, in my opinion, an improvement to our docs on atomics.
slice: #[inline] a couple iterator methods.
The one I care about and actually saw in the wild not getting inlined is
clone(). We ended up doing a whole function call for something that just
copies two pointers.
I ended up marking as_slice / as_ref as well because make_slice is
inline(always) itself, and is also the kind of think that can kill
performance in hot loops if you expect it to get inlined. But happy to
undo those.
Remove empty core::lazy and std::lazy
PR #98165 with commits 7c360dc117 and c1a2db3372 has moved all of the components of these modules into different places, namely {std,core}::sync and {std,core}::cell. The empty modules remained. As they are unstable, we can simply remove them.
`EscapeAscii` is not an `ExactSizeIterator`
Fixes#99878
Do we want/need `EscapeAscii` to be an `ExactSizeIterator`? I guess we could precompute the length of the output if so?
add a few more assert_unsafe_precondition
Add debug-assertion checking for `ptr.read()`, `ptr.write(_)`, and `unreachable_unchecked.`
This is quite useful for [cargo-careful](https://github.com/RalfJung/cargo-careful).
PR #98165 with commits 7c360dc117 and c1a2db3372
has moved all of the components of these modules into different places,
namely {std,core}::sync and {std,core}::cell. The empty
modules remained. As they are unstable, we can simply remove them.
Use a macro to not have to copy-paste `ConstFnMutClosure::new(&mut fold, NeverShortCircuit::wrap_mut_2_imp)).0` everywhere
Also use that macro to replace a bunch of places that had custom closure-wrappers.
+35 -114 sounds good to me.
Implement `Ready::into_inner()`
Tracking issue: #101196.
This implements a method to unwrap the value inside a `Ready` outside an async context.
See https://docs.rs/futures/0.3.24/futures/future/struct.Ready.html#method.into_inner for previous work.
This was discussed in [Zulip beforehand](https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/219381-t-libs/topic/.60Ready.3A.3Ainto_inner.28.29.60):
> An example I'm hitting right now:
I have a cross-platform library that provides a functions that returns a `Future`. The only reason why it returns a `Future` is because the WASM platform requires it, but the native doesn't, to make a cross-platform API that is equal for all I just return a `Ready` on the native targets.
>
> Now I would like to expose native-only functions that aren't async, that users can use to avoid having to deal with async when they are targeting native. With `into_inner` that's easily solvable now.
>
> I want to point out that some internal restructuring could be used to solve that problem too, but in this case it's not that simple, the library uses internal traits that return the `Future` already and playing around with that would introduce unnecessary `cfg` in a lot more places. So it is really only a quality-of-life feature.
Change the parameter name of From::from to `value`
The `From` trait is currently defined as:
```rust
pub trait From<T>: Sized {
fn from(_: T) -> Self;
}
```
The name of the argument is `_`. I am proposing to change it to `value`, ie.
```rust
pub trait From<T>: Sized {
fn from(value: T) -> Self;
}
```
This would be more consistent with the `TryFrom`, which looks like this:
```rust
pub trait TryFrom<T>: Sized {
type Error;
fn try_from(value: T) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>;
}
```
The reason for this proposal is twofold:
1. Consistency with the rest of the standard library. The `TryFrom` trait uses `value`, and no `From` implementation uses the default name (as it is quite useless).
2. When generating trait implementations with rust-analyzer/IntelliJ, the parameter name is copied, and it always has to be changed.
Optionally, another name like `x` could be used. I only propose `value` for consistency with `TryFrom`.
Changing parameter names is not a breaking change.
Note: this was originally posted as an internals thread [here](https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/change-the-argument-name-of-from-from/17480)
Add T to PhantomData impl Debug
This add debug information for `PhantomData`, I believe it's make sense to add this to debug impl of `PhantomData` since `T` is what define what is the `PhantomData` just write `"PhantomData"` is not very useful for debugging.
Alternative:
* `PhantomData::<{}>`
* `PhantomData { t: "str_type" }`
`@rustbot` label +T-libs-api -T-libs
