Rollup merge of #140323 - tgross35:cfg-unstable-float, r=Urgau

Implement the internal feature `cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128`

Support for `f16` and `f128` is varied across targets, backends, and backend versions. Eventually we would like to reach a point where all backends support these approximately equally, but until then we have to work around some of these nuances of support being observable.

Introduce the `cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128` internal feature, which provides the following new configuration gates:

* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f16)`
* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f16_math)`
* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f128)`
* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f128_math)`

`reliable_f16` and `reliable_f128` indicate that basic arithmetic for the type works correctly. The `_math` versions indicate that anything relying on `libm` works correctly, since sometimes this hits a separate class of codegen bugs.

These options match configuration set by the build script at [1]. The logic for LLVM support is duplicated as-is from the same script. There are a few possible updates that will come as a follow up.

The config introduced here is not planned to ever become stable, it is only intended to replace the build scripts for `std` tests and `compiler-builtins` that don't have any way to configure based on the codegen backend.

MCP: https://github.com/rust-lang/compiler-team/issues/866
Closes: https://github.com/rust-lang/compiler-team/issues/866

[1]: 555e1d0386/library/std/build.rs (L84-L186)

---

The second commit makes use of this config to replace `cfg_{f16,f128}{,_math}` in `library/`. I omitted providing a `cfg(bootstrap)` configuration to keep things simpler since the next beta branch is in two weeks.

try-job: aarch64-gnu
try-job: i686-msvc-1
try-job: test-various
try-job: x86_64-gnu
try-job: x86_64-msvc-ext2

compiler/rustc_feature/src/builtin_attrs.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,26 @@ const GATED_CFGS: &[GatedCfg] = &[
     // this is consistent with naming of the compiler flag it's for
     (sym::fmt_debug, sym::fmt_debug, Features::fmt_debug),
     (sym::emscripten_wasm_eh, sym::cfg_emscripten_wasm_eh, Features::cfg_emscripten_wasm_eh),
+    (
+        sym::target_has_reliable_f16,
+        sym::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+        Features::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+    ),
+    (
+        sym::target_has_reliable_f16_math,
+        sym::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+        Features::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+    ),
+    (
+        sym::target_has_reliable_f128,
+        sym::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+        Features::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+    ),
+    (
+        sym::target_has_reliable_f128_math,
+        sym::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+        Features::cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128,
+    ),
 ];
 
 /// Find a gated cfg determined by the `pred`icate which is given the cfg's name.

compiler/rustc_feature/src/unstable.rs

@@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ declare_features! (
     (unstable, anonymous_lifetime_in_impl_trait, "1.63.0", None),
     /// Allows access to the emscripten_wasm_eh config, used by panic_unwind and unwind
     (internal, cfg_emscripten_wasm_eh, "1.86.0", None),
+    /// Allows checking whether or not the backend correctly supports unstable float types.
+    (internal, cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128, "CURRENT_RUSTC_VERSION", None),
     /// Allows identifying the `compiler_builtins` crate.
     (internal, compiler_builtins, "1.13.0", None),
     /// Allows writing custom MIR