Auto merge of #141759 - 1c3t3a:discriminants-query, r=saethlin

Insert checks for enum discriminants when debug assertions are enabled

Similar to the existing null-pointer and alignment checks, this checks for valid enum discriminants on creation of enums through unsafe transmutes. Essentially this sanitizes patterns like the following:
```rust
let val: MyEnum = unsafe { std::mem::transmute<u32, MyEnum>(42) };
```

An extension of this check will be done in a follow-up that explicitly sanitizes for extern enum values that come into Rust from e.g. C/C++.

This check is similar to Miri's capabilities of checking for valid construction of enum values.

This PR is inspired by saethlin@'s PR
https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/104862. Thank you so much for keeping this code up and the detailed comments!

I also pair-programmed large parts of this together with vabr-g@.

r? `@saethlin`

compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/machine.rs

@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@ impl<'tcx> interpret::Machine<'tcx> for CompileTimeMachine<'tcx> {
                 found: eval_to_int(found)?,
             },
             NullPointerDereference => NullPointerDereference,
+            InvalidEnumConstruction(source) => InvalidEnumConstruction(eval_to_int(source)?),
         };
         Err(ConstEvalErrKind::AssertFailure(err)).into()
     }