Rollup merge of #143796 - JonathanBrouwer:fix-builtin-attribute-prefix, r=jdonszelmann

Fix ICE for parsed attributes with longer path not handled by CheckAttribute

Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/137590
Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/143789

r? ```@jdonszelmann```

compiler/rustc_attr_parsing/src/context.rs

@@ -735,6 +735,11 @@ impl<'sess, S: Stage> AttributeParser<'sess, S> {
         attributes
     }
 
+    /// Returns whether there is a parser for an attribute with this name
+    pub fn is_parsed_attribute(path: &[Symbol]) -> bool {
+        Late::parsers().0.contains_key(path)
+    }
+
     fn lower_attr_args(&self, args: &ast::AttrArgs, lower_span: impl Fn(Span) -> Span) -> AttrArgs {
         match args {
             ast::AttrArgs::Empty => AttrArgs::Empty,