Rollup merge of #120354 - lukas-code:metadata-normalize, r=lcnr

improve normalization of `Pointee::Metadata`

This PR makes it so that `<Wrapper<Tail> as Pointee>::Metadata` is normalized to `<Tail as Pointee>::Metadata` if we don't know `Wrapper<Tail>: Sized`. With that, the trait solver can prove projection predicates like `<Wrapper<Tail> as Pointee>::Metadata == <Tail as Pointee>::Metadata`, which makes it possible to use the metadata APIs to cast between the tail and the wrapper:

```rust
#![feature(ptr_metadata)]

use std::ptr::{self, Pointee};

fn cast_same_meta<T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized>(ptr: *const T) -> *const U
where
    T: Pointee<Metadata = <U as Pointee>::Metadata>,
{
    let (thin, meta) = ptr.to_raw_parts();
    ptr::from_raw_parts(thin, meta)
}

struct Wrapper<T: ?Sized>(T);

fn cast_to_wrapper<T: ?Sized>(ptr: *const T) -> *const Wrapper<T> {
    cast_same_meta(ptr)
}
```

Previously, this failed to compile:

```
error[E0271]: type mismatch resolving `<Wrapper<T> as Pointee>::Metadata == <T as Pointee>::Metadata`
  --> src/lib.rs:16:5
   |
15 | fn cast_to_wrapper<T: ?Sized>(ptr: *const T) -> *const Wrapper<T> {
   |                    - found this type parameter
16 |     cast_same_meta(ptr)
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected `Wrapper<T>`, found type parameter `T`
   |
   = note: expected associated type `<Wrapper<T> as Pointee>::Metadata`
              found associated type `<T as Pointee>::Metadata`
   = note: an associated type was expected, but a different one was found
```

(Yes, you can already do this with `as` casts. But using functions is so much ✨ *safer* ✨, because you can't change the metadata on accident.)

---

This PR essentially changes the built-in impls of `Pointee` from this:

```rust
// before

impl Pointee for u8 {
    type Metadata = ();
}

impl Pointee for [u8] {
    type Metadata = usize;
}

// ...

impl Pointee for Wrapper<u8> {
    type Metadata = ();
}

impl Pointee for Wrapper<[u8]> {
    type Metadata = usize;
}

// ...

// This impl is only selected if `T` is a type parameter or unnormalizable projection or opaque type.
fallback impl<T: ?Sized> Pointee for Wrapper<T>
where
    Wrapper<T>: Sized
{
    type Metadata = ();
}

// This impl is only selected if `T` is a type parameter or unnormalizable projection or opaque type.
fallback impl<T /*: Sized */> Pointee for T {
    type Metadata = ();
}
```

to this:

```rust
// after

impl Pointee for u8 {
    type Metadata = ();
}

impl Pointee for [u8] {
    type Metadata = usize;
}

// ...

impl<T: ?Sized> Pointee for Wrapper<T> {
    // in the old solver this will instead project to the "deep" tail directly,
    // e.g. `Wrapper<Wrapper<T>>::Metadata = T::Metadata`
    type Metadata = <T as Pointee>::Metadata;
}

// ...

// This impl is only selected if `T` is a type parameter or unnormalizable projection or opaque type.
fallback impl<T /*: Sized */> Pointee for T {
    type Metadata = ();
}
```

compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/solve/normalizes_to/mod.rs

@@ -491,6 +491,8 @@ impl<'tcx> assembly::GoalKind<'tcx> for NormalizesTo<'tcx> {
         goal: Goal<'tcx, Self>,
     ) -> QueryResult<'tcx> {
         let tcx = ecx.tcx();
+        let metadata_def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Metadata, None);
+        assert_eq!(metadata_def_id, goal.predicate.def_id());
         ecx.probe_misc_candidate("builtin pointee").enter(|ecx| {
             let metadata_ty = match goal.predicate.self_ty().kind() {
                 ty::Bool
@@ -522,7 +524,10 @@ impl<'tcx> assembly::GoalKind<'tcx> for NormalizesTo<'tcx> {
                 }
 
                 ty::Alias(_, _) | ty::Param(_) | ty::Placeholder(..) => {
-                    // FIXME(ptr_metadata): It would also be possible to return a `Ok(Ambig)` with no constraints.
+                    // This is the "fallback impl" for type parameters, unnormalizable projections
+                    // and opaque types: If the `self_ty` is `Sized`, then the metadata is `()`.
+                    // FIXME(ptr_metadata): This impl overlaps with the other impls and shouldn't
+                    // exist. Instead, `Pointee<Metadata = ()>` should be a supertrait of `Sized`.
                     let sized_predicate = ty::TraitRef::from_lang_item(
                         tcx,
                         LangItem::Sized,
@@ -536,30 +541,16 @@ impl<'tcx> assembly::GoalKind<'tcx> for NormalizesTo<'tcx> {
 
                 ty::Adt(def, args) if def.is_struct() => match def.non_enum_variant().tail_opt() {
                     None => tcx.types.unit,
-                    Some(field_def) => {
-                        let self_ty = field_def.ty(tcx, args);
-                        // FIXME(-Znext-solver=coinductive): Should this be `GoalSource::ImplWhereBound`?
-                        ecx.add_goal(
-                            GoalSource::Misc,
-                            goal.with(tcx, goal.predicate.with_self_ty(tcx, self_ty)),
-                        );
-                        return ecx
-                            .evaluate_added_goals_and_make_canonical_response(Certainty::Yes);
+                    Some(tail_def) => {
+                        let tail_ty = tail_def.ty(tcx, args);
+                        Ty::new_projection(tcx, metadata_def_id, [tail_ty])
                     }
                 },
                 ty::Adt(_, _) => tcx.types.unit,
 
                 ty::Tuple(elements) => match elements.last() {
                     None => tcx.types.unit,
-                    Some(&self_ty) => {
-                        // FIXME(-Znext-solver=coinductive): Should this be `GoalSource::ImplWhereBound`?
-                        ecx.add_goal(
-                            GoalSource::Misc,
-                            goal.with(tcx, goal.predicate.with_self_ty(tcx, self_ty)),
-                        );
-                        return ecx
-                            .evaluate_added_goals_and_make_canonical_response(Certainty::Yes);
-                    }
+                    Some(&tail_ty) => Ty::new_projection(tcx, metadata_def_id, [tail_ty]),
                 },
 
                 ty::Infer(