Add current_def_id_parent to LoweringContext

This is needed to track anon const parents properly once we implement
`ConstArgKind::Path` (which requires moving anon const def-creation
outside of `DefCollector`):

    Why do we need this in addition to [`Self::current_hir_id_owner`]?

    Currently (as of June 2024), anonymous constants are not HIR owners;
    however, they do get their own DefIds. Some of these DefIds have to be
    created during AST lowering, rather than def collection, because we
    can't tell until after name resolution whether an anonymous constant
    will end up instead being a [`rustc_hir::ConstArgKind::Path`]. However,
    to compute which generics are available to an anonymous constant nested
    inside another, we need to make sure that the parent is recorded as the
    parent anon const, not the enclosing item. So we need to track parent
    defs differently from HIR owners, since they will be finer-grained in
    the case of anon consts.

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/asm.rs

@@ -222,10 +222,10 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
                             };
 
                             // Wrap the expression in an AnonConst.
-                            let parent_def_id = self.current_hir_id_owner;
+                            let parent_def_id = self.current_def_id_parent;
                             let node_id = self.next_node_id();
                             self.create_def(
-                                parent_def_id.def_id,
+                                parent_def_id,
                                 node_id,
                                 kw::Empty,
                                 DefKind::AnonConst,