Implement the internal feature cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128

Support for `f16` and `f128` is varied across targets, backends, and
backend versions. Eventually we would like to reach a point where all
backends support these approximately equally, but until then we have to
work around some of these nuances of support being observable.

Introduce the `cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128` internal feature, which
provides the following new configuration gates:

* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f16)`
* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f16_math)`
* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f128)`
* `cfg(target_has_reliable_f128_math)`

`reliable_f16` and `reliable_f128` indicate that basic arithmetic for
the type works correctly. The `_math` versions indicate that anything
relying on `libm` works correctly, since sometimes this hits a separate
class of codegen bugs.

These options match configuration set by the build script at [1]. The
logic for LLVM support is duplicated as-is from the same script. There
are a few possible updates that will come as a follow up.

The config introduced here is not planned to ever become stable, it is
only intended to replace the build scripts for `std` tests and
`compiler-builtins` that don't have any way to configure based on the
codegen backend.

MCP: https://github.com/rust-lang/compiler-team/issues/866
Closes: https://github.com/rust-lang/compiler-team/issues/866

[1]: 555e1d0386/library/std/build.rs (L84-L186)

compiler/rustc_feature/src/unstable.rs

@@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ declare_features! (
     (unstable, anonymous_lifetime_in_impl_trait, "1.63.0", None),
     /// Allows access to the emscripten_wasm_eh config, used by panic_unwind and unwind
     (internal, cfg_emscripten_wasm_eh, "1.86.0", None),
+    /// Allows checking whether or not the backend correctly supports unstable float types.
+    (internal, cfg_target_has_reliable_f16_f128, "CURRENT_RUSTC_VERSION", None),
     /// Allows identifying the `compiler_builtins` crate.
     (internal, compiler_builtins, "1.13.0", None),
     /// Allows writing custom MIR