Stop using String for error codes.

Error codes are integers, but `String` is used everywhere to represent
them. Gross!

This commit introduces `ErrCode`, an integral newtype for error codes,
replacing `String`. It also introduces a constant for every error code,
e.g. `E0123`, and removes the `error_code!` macro. The constants are
imported wherever used with `use rustc_errors::codes::*`.

With the old code, we have three different ways to specify an error code
at a use point:
```
error_code!(E0123)  // macro call

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // bare ident arg to macro call

\#[diag(name, code = "E0123")]  // string
struct Diag;
```

With the new code, they all use the `E0123` constant.
```
E0123  // constant

struct_span_code_err!(dcx, span, E0123, "msg");  // constant

\#[diag(name, code = E0123)]  // constant
struct Diag;
```

The commit also changes the structure of the error code definitions:
- `rustc_error_codes` now just defines a higher-order macro listing the
  used error codes and nothing else.
- Because that's now the only thing in the `rustc_error_codes` crate, I
  moved it into the `lib.rs` file and removed the `error_codes.rs` file.
- `rustc_errors` uses that macro to define everything, e.g. the error
  code constants and the `DIAGNOSTIC_TABLES`. This is in its new
  `codes.rs` file.

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/structured_errors.rs

@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ pub use self::{
     missing_cast_for_variadic_arg::*, sized_unsized_cast::*, wrong_number_of_generic_args::*,
 };
 
-use rustc_errors::DiagnosticBuilder;
+use rustc_errors::{DiagnosticBuilder, ErrCode};
 use rustc_session::Session;
 
 pub trait StructuredDiagnostic<'tcx> {
     fn session(&self) -> &Session;
 
-    fn code(&self) -> String;
+    fn code(&self) -> ErrCode;
 
     fn diagnostic(&self) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx> {
         let err = self.diagnostic_common();
 
-        if self.session().teach(&self.code()) {
+        if self.session().teach(self.code()) {
             self.diagnostic_extended(err)
         } else {
             self.diagnostic_regular(err)