Add ConstArgKind::Path and make ConstArg its own HIR node

This is a very large commit since a lot needs to be changed in order to
make the tests pass. The salient changes are:

- `ConstArgKind` gets a new `Path` variant, and all const params are now
  represented using it. Non-param paths still use `ConstArgKind::Anon`
  to prevent this change from getting too large, but they will soon use
  the `Path` variant too.

- `ConstArg` gets a distinct `hir_id` field and its own variant in
  `hir::Node`. This affected many parts of the compiler that expected
  the parent of an `AnonConst` to be the containing context (e.g., an
  array repeat expression). They have been changed to check the
  "grandparent" where necessary.

- Some `ast::AnonConst`s now have their `DefId`s created in
  rustc_ast_lowering rather than `DefCollector`. This is because in some
  cases they will end up becoming a `ConstArgKind::Path` instead, which
  has no `DefId`. We have to solve this in a hacky way where we guess
  whether the `AnonConst` could end up as a path const since we can't
  know for sure until after name resolution (`N` could refer to a free
  const or a nullary struct). If it has no chance as being a const
  param, then we create a `DefId` in `DefCollector` -- otherwise we
  decide during ast_lowering. This will have to be updated once all path
  consts use `ConstArgKind::Path`.

- We explicitly use `ConstArgHasType` for array lengths, rather than
  implicitly relying on anon const type feeding -- this is due to the
  addition of `ConstArgKind::Path`.

- Some tests have their outputs changed, but the changes are for the
  most part minor (including removing duplicate or almost-duplicate
  errors). One test now ICEs, but it is for an incomplete, unstable
  feature and is now tracked at #127009.

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/index.rs

@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> Visitor<'hir> for NodeCollector<'a, 'hir> {
     }
 
     fn visit_anon_const(&mut self, constant: &'hir AnonConst) {
+        // FIXME: use real span?
         self.insert(DUMMY_SP, constant.hir_id, Node::AnonConst(constant));
 
         self.with_parent(constant.hir_id, |this| {
@@ -244,6 +245,15 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> Visitor<'hir> for NodeCollector<'a, 'hir> {
         });
     }
 
+    fn visit_const_arg(&mut self, const_arg: &'hir ConstArg<'hir>) {
+        // FIXME: use real span?
+        self.insert(DUMMY_SP, const_arg.hir_id, Node::ConstArg(const_arg));
+
+        self.with_parent(const_arg.hir_id, |this| {
+            intravisit::walk_const_arg(this, const_arg);
+        });
+    }
+
     fn visit_expr(&mut self, expr: &'hir Expr<'hir>) {
         self.insert(expr.span, expr.hir_id, Node::Expr(expr));