Auto merge of #48978 - SimonSapin:debug-hex, r=KodrAus

Add hexadecimal formatting of integers with fmt::Debug

This can be used for integers within a larger types which implements Debug (possibly through derive) but not fmt::UpperHex or fmt::LowerHex.

```rust
assert!(format!("{:02x?}", b"Foo\0") == "[46, 6f, 6f, 00]");
assert!(format!("{:02X?}", b"Foo\0") == "[46, 6F, 6F, 00]");
```

RFC: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2226

The new formatting string syntax (`x?` and `X?`) is insta-stable in this PR because I don’t know how to change a built-in proc macro’s behavior based of a feature gate. I can look into adding that, but I also strongly suspect that keeping this feature unstable for a time period would not be useful as possibly no-one would use it during that time.

This PR does not add the new (public) `fmt::Formatter` proposed in the API because:

* There was some skepticism on response to this part of the RFC
* It is not possible to implement as-is without larger changes to `fmt`, because `Formatter` at the moment has no easy way to tell apart for example `Octal` from `Binary`: it only has a function pointer for the relevant `fmt()` method.

If some integer-like type outside of `std` want to implement this behavior, another RFC will likely need to propose a different public API for `Formatter`.

src/liballoc/fmt.rs

@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@
 //!
 //! * *nothing* ⇒ [`Display`]
 //! * `?` ⇒ [`Debug`]
+//! * `x?` ⇒ [`Debug`] with lower-case hexadecimal integers
+//! * `X?` ⇒ [`Debug`] with lower-case hexadecimal integers
 //! * `o` ⇒ [`Octal`](trait.Octal.html)
 //! * `x` ⇒ [`LowerHex`](trait.LowerHex.html)
 //! * `X` ⇒ [`UpperHex`](trait.UpperHex.html)