add UI test + docs for E0789

compiler/rustc_error_codes/src/error_codes/E0789.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#### This error code is internal to the compiler and will not be emitted with normal Rust code.
+
+The internal `rustc_allowed_through_unstable_modules` attribute must be used
+on an item with a `stable` attribute.
+
+Erroneous code example:
+
+```compile_fail,E0789
+// NOTE: both of these attributes are perma-unstable and should *never* be
+//       used outside of the compiler and standard library.
+#![feature(rustc_attrs)]
+#![feature(staged_api)]
+
+#![unstable(feature = "foo_module", reason = "...", issue = "123")]
+
+#[rustc_allowed_through_unstable_modules]
+// #[stable(feature = "foo", since = "1.0")]
+struct Foo;
+// ^^^ error: `rustc_allowed_through_unstable_modules` attribute must be
+//            paired with a `stable` attribute
+```
+
+Typically when an item is marked with a `stable` attribute, the modules that
+enclose the item must also be marked with `stable` attributes, otherwise the
+item becomes *de facto* unstable. `#[rustc_allowed_through_unstable_modules]`
+is a workaround which allows an item to "escape" its unstable parent modules.
+This error occurs when an item is marked with
+`#[rustc_allowed_through_unstable_modules]` but no supplementary `stable`
+attribute exists. See [#99288](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/99288)
+for an example of `#[rustc_allowed_through_unstable_modules]` in use.