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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-04-01</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/Python新特性/" title="Python新特性">Python新特性</a></span>
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<p>上周，Python3.8版本发布，到底带来了哪些新的特性呢？我们应该在哪些场景中使用这些特性呢？本周，我们通过几篇文章来告诉你答案。</p>
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<h4 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h4><p>首先，我们并不推荐安装最新版本到常用的开发环境中，你可以使用虚拟环境或者docker来尝鲜。</p>
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<p>官方安装包</p>
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<p>网址：<code>https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-380/</code></p>
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<p>也可以使用docker</p>
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<p>拉取镜像命令<br><code>docker pull python:3.8</code></p>
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<h2 id="赋值表达式"><a href="#赋值表达式" class="headerlink" title="赋值表达式"></a>赋值表达式</h2><p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006tNbRwly1gai72nu5otj30jg0atdfq.jpg" alt></p>
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<p>赋值表达式被叫做海象运算符，因为它的形状像海象。如果熟悉go语言的话，会对这个表达式会熟悉。</p>
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<p>赋值表达式的语法是 </p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name := expression</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>和赋值语句 <code>=</code> 作用差不多，非必不可少，但可以简化代码。</p>
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<h4 id="官方示例"><a href="#官方示例" class="headerlink" title="官方示例"></a>官方示例</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> a = False</span><br><span class="line">>>> print(a)</span><br><span class="line">False</span><br><span class="line">>>> print(a := True)</span><br><span class="line">True</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>此例子赋值之后，后续还需要使用变量。赋值表达可用于简化代码，提高可读性。</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> inputs = list()</span><br><span class="line">>>> while True:</span><br><span class="line">... current = input("your input:")</span><br><span class="line">... if current == "quit":</span><br><span class="line">... break</span><br><span class="line">... inputs.append(current)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">your input:a</span><br><span class="line">your input:b</span><br><span class="line">your input:test</span><br><span class="line">your input:quit</span><br><span class="line">>>> inputs</span><br><span class="line">['a', 'b', 'test']</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>使用赋值操作符时：</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> inputs = list()</span><br><span class="line">>>> while (current := input("your input:")) != "quit":</span><br><span class="line">... inputs.append(current)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">your input:a</span><br><span class="line">your input:b</span><br><span class="line">your input:test</span><br><span class="line">your input:quit</span><br><span class="line">>>> inputs</span><br><span class="line">['a', 'b', 'test']</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>此例子，省略了一条语句，可读性上升。</p>
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<p>再来一个例子</p>
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<p>最初版本</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = [1,2,3,4]</span><br><span class="line">if len(a) > 3: #计算 len(a) 一次 </span><br><span class="line"> print(f"a is too long ({len(a)} elements,expected < 3)") # 计算 len(a) 第二次</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>我们改写为:</p>
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<p>改进版本</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = [1,2,3,4]</span><br><span class="line">n = len(a) # 计算一次len(a)</span><br><span class="line">if n > 3: # 多了变量n</span><br><span class="line"> print(f"a is too long ({n} elements,expected < 3)") #</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>新特性重写:<br>重写版本</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = [1,2,3,4]</span><br><span class="line">if (n:=len(a)) > 3: # 计算一次len(a)，多了变量n，把两行改为一行</span><br><span class="line"> print(f"a is too long ({n} elements,expected < 3)") #</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>从上面可以看到，重写版本和改进版本的不同在于：</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">n = len(a) </span><br><span class="line">if n > 3:</span><br><span class="line"> pass</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>与</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">if (n:=len(a)) > 3:</span><br><span class="line"> pass</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>这两个版本的区别在于，<code>:=</code>和<code>=</code>是补充关系并不是替换关系，下面的例子可以看到官方的意图。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x = 5</span><br><span class="line">print(f"x = {x}")</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">#能用=解决的就用=解决</span><br><span class="line">y := 5 # SyntaxError: invalid syntax</span><br><span class="line">print(f"y = {y}")</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">(z := 5)</span><br><span class="line">print(f"z = {z}")</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>由上面可以看出<code>:=</code>和<code>=</code>是互补关系，在应该使用<code>:=</code>的时候才可以使用<code>:=</code>。</p>
|
||||
<p>Python语言的一致性，不管是专家还是新手，在同一个问题上都应该有一致的写法，然后这就形成了最pythonic的写法。</p>
|
||||
<p>最后带来，新特性带来的最佳实践</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 简化 os.fork </span><br><span class="line">if pid := os.fork():</span><br><span class="line"> # Parent code</span><br><span class="line">else:</span><br><span class="line"> # Child code</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 直接到把 socket 对象的 read buffer 读完为止</span><br><span class="line">while data := sock.recv(8192):</span><br><span class="line"> print("Received data:", data)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h4><ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0572" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0572</a></li>
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-04-02</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/Python新特性/" title="Python新特性">Python新特性</a></span>
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<h2 id="仅限位置形参"><a href="#仅限位置形参" class="headerlink" title="仅限位置形参"></a>仅限位置形参</h2><p>Positional-only parameters官方翻译为仅限位置形参，也可以理解为只接受位置参数。意思就是，它只是一个位置参数，不接受关键字传参。</p>
|
||||
<p>语法： </p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">def funx(a,b,/): # / 指明，前面的a,b参数是仅限位置形参</span><br><span class="line"> pass</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>函数形参语法<code>/</code> 用来指明某些函数形参必须使用仅限位置而非关键字参数</p>
|
||||
<p>其实，Python内置的很多C函数接口都是这种形式，比如</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> import builtins</span><br><span class="line">>>> help(__builtins__.divmod)</span><br><span class="line">Help on built-in function divmod in module builtins:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">divmod(x, y, /)</span><br><span class="line"> Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>很多函数后面都有 <code>/</code>来表明，左边的这些参数只接受位置参数。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> divmod(1,2)</span><br><span class="line">(0, 1)</span><br><span class="line">>>> divmod(x=1,y=2) </span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line"> File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module></span><br><span class="line">TypeError: divmod() takes no keyword arguments</span><br><span class="line">>>></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>指定关键字的参数会报语法错误，它的用途就是强制使用者用位置参数来传参。</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="官方例子"><a href="#官方例子" class="headerlink" title="官方例子"></a>官方例子</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">>>> def f(a,b,/,**kwargs):</span><br><span class="line">... print(a,b,kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">>>> f(10,20,a=1,b=2,c=3)</span><br><span class="line">10 20 {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>由于在 <code>/</code> 左侧的形参不会被公开为可用关键字</p>
|
||||
<p>这里的a,b 为仅限位置参数，最后a,b会被赋值了两次。<br>位置参数赋值一次，关键字参数赋值一次，关键字参数以kwargs字典的形式存在，需要通过 <code>kwargs['a'],kwargs['b']</code>访问。</p>
|
||||
<p>现在我们来看一下，添加了仅限位置形参之后的函数参数形式</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">def name(positional_only_parameters, /, positional_or_keyword_parameters,</span><br><span class="line"> *, keyword_only_parameters):</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>包括了仅限位置形参， <code>/</code>, 位置形参或者关键字参数 ,<code>*</code>，仅限关键字参数。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006tNbRwly1gai73g9r3ej30so09mq3k.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>最后，我们可以定义以下形式的函数</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">def name(p1, p2, /, p_or_kw, *, kw):</span><br><span class="line">def name(p1, p2=None, /, p_or_kw=None, *, kw):</span><br><span class="line">def name(p1, p2=None, /, *, kw):</span><br><span class="line">def name(p1, p2=None, /):</span><br><span class="line">def name(p1, p2, /, p_or_kw):</span><br><span class="line">def name(p1, p2, /):</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h4><ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/howto/clinic.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/howto/clinic.html</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0570" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0570</a></li>
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<h2 class="wrapper title">使用 Python 生成《红楼梦》词云</h2>
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<div class="wrapper tips">
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-03-01</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/自然语言处理/" title="自然语言处理">自然语言处理</a></span>
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<article class="sub-container post-content">
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<p>使用 Python 生成《红楼梦》词云</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/1210058744_15500375990201n.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>本文介绍如何使用python绘制《红楼梦》的词云。</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>“词云”就是对网络文本中出现频率较高的“关键词”予以视觉上的突出，形成“关键词云层”或“关键词渲染”，从而过滤掉大量的文本信息，使浏览网页者只要一眼扫过文本就可以领略文本的主旨。<br><a href="http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22100/61748/61749/4281906.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“词云”——网络内容发布新招式 ．人民网</a></p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
||||
<h2 id="0-摘要"><a href="#0-摘要" class="headerlink" title="0.摘要"></a>0.摘要</h2><p><strong>本文建议在电脑上打开，边阅读边操作。</strong></p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>安装python词云工具wordcloud，画图软件matplotlib</li>
|
||||
<li>准备红楼梦文本</li>
|
||||
<li>编写python代码并运行</li>
|
||||
<li>展示词云结果</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<h2 id="1-安装wordcloud"><a href="#1-安装wordcloud" class="headerlink" title="1.安装wordcloud"></a>1.安装wordcloud</h2><p>可以在cmd窗口输入<figure class="highlight plain"><figcaption><span>install wordcloud matplotlib```</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">## 2.准备红楼梦文本</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">文本可以用下面链接下载</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">`https://github.com/flypythoncom/flypython/blob/master/wordcloud_hlm_seg.txt`</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">或者可以自己写代码，对文本进行清洗，分词。</span><br><span class="line">这里需要安装jieba分词，`pip install jieba`</span><br><span class="line">``` python</span><br><span class="line">import jieba</span><br><span class="line">import re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">special_character_removal = re.compile(r'[，。、【 】“”：；（）《》‘’{}？！⑦%>℃.^-——=&#@￥『』]', re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">fw=open("hlm_seg.txt","w",encoding="utf-8")</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">with open('hlm.txt',encoding="utf-8") as fp:</span><br><span class="line"> for line in fp:</span><br><span class="line"> l = special_character_removal.sub('', line.strip())</span><br><span class="line"> words=jieba.cut(l)</span><br><span class="line"> t=" ".join(words)</span><br><span class="line"> fw.write(t)</span><br><span class="line"> fw.write("\n")</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">fw.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
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<h2 id="3-编写词云python代码并运行"><a href="#3-编写词云python代码并运行" class="headerlink" title="3. 编写词云python代码并运行"></a>3. 编写词云python代码并运行</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> os <span class="keyword">import</span> path </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> wordcloud <span class="keyword">import</span> WordCloud</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">d = path.dirname(__file__) </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Read the whole text. </span></span><br><span class="line">text = open(path.join(d, <span class="string">'hlm_seg.txt'</span>),encoding=<span class="string">"utf-8"</span>).read() </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Generate a word cloud image </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># font=path.join(d, "simkai.ttf") </span></span><br><span class="line">font=<span class="string">'C:/Windows/Fonts/simkai.ttf'</span> </span><br><span class="line">wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path=font,<span class="comment">#设置中文字体，不指定就会出现中文不显示 </span></span><br><span class="line"> width=<span class="number">1024</span>,<span class="comment">#宽 </span></span><br><span class="line"> height=<span class="number">840</span>,<span class="comment">#高 </span></span><br><span class="line"> background_color=<span class="string">'white'</span>,<span class="comment">#设置背景色 </span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># max_words=100,#最大词汇数 </span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># max_font_size=100#最大号字体 </span></span><br><span class="line"> ).generate(text) </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Display the generated image: </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># the matplotlib way: </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span class="keyword">as</span> plt </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">plt.figure() </span><br><span class="line">plt.imshow(wordcloud) </span><br><span class="line">plt.axis(<span class="string">"off"</span>) </span><br><span class="line">plt.show()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>结果：</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/Figure_1.png" alt="词云运行结果"></p>
|
||||
<p>后台回复“词云”获得完整运行代码</p>
|
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<p><em>人生苦短，我用python早下班。如果觉得不错，对你工作中有帮助，请加我微信公众号flypython，我们一起探讨python相关问题</em></p>
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-01-01</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/自动化办公/" title="自动化办公">自动化办公</a></span>
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<h1 id="【极简Python-自动化办公】Python写入Excel表格"><a href="#【极简Python-自动化办公】Python写入Excel表格" class="headerlink" title="【极简Python 自动化办公】Python写入Excel表格"></a>【极简Python 自动化办公】Python写入Excel表格</h1><blockquote>
|
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<p>【极简Python 自动化办公】专栏是介绍如何利用python办公，减少工作负荷。篇幅精炼，内容易懂，无论是否有编程基础，都非常适合。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
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<p>在上次文章中，我们学习了【用python读取excel】，这次我们继续学习Python写excel吧！</p>
|
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<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonpython-excel-tutorial.jpg" alt></p>
|
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<h2 id="0-摘要"><a href="#0-摘要" class="headerlink" title="0.摘要"></a>0.摘要</h2><p><strong>本文大约需要15分钟，建议在电脑上打开，边阅读边操作。</strong></p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>安装Python读excel模块——xlwt</li>
|
||||
<li>准备写入表格内容</li>
|
||||
<li>编写python代码并运行</li>
|
||||
<li>使用for循环语句读取并写入excel表格</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<h2 id="1-安装xlwt"><a href="#1-安装xlwt" class="headerlink" title="1.安装xlwt"></a>1.安装xlwt</h2><p>与上篇文章类似，需要在cmd窗口输入<figure class="highlight plain"><figcaption><span>install xlwt```。</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">## 2.准备写入表格内容</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">这步很简单，只要想好输入内容即可，这里设计了一个简单的表格内容作为写入内容（目前这个内容还不存在）。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">| 序号 | 学号 |年龄 |</span><br><span class="line">| --- | --- |--- |</span><br><span class="line">| 张三 | 20190901 |11|</span><br><span class="line">| 李四 |20190902|12 |</span><br><span class="line">| 小明 | 20190903 |13 |</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">## 3.编写python代码并运行</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">新建一个writeexcel.py文件，用记事本或其他文本编辑工具打开。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">本次写入excel的思路是，新建文件->指定行列->写入内容。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">在文本编辑工具中输入如下代码，保存并关闭。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||
<p>import xlwt</p>
|
||||
<p>f = xlwt.Workbook()<br>sheet1 = f.add_sheet(‘sheet1’,cell_overwrite_ok=True)<br>column = [“姓名”,”学号”,”年龄”]<br>name = [“张三”,”李四”,”小明”]</p>
|
||||
<p>school_code = [20190901,20190902,20190903]</p>
|
||||
<p>age = [11,12,13]</p>
|
||||
<p>sheet1.write(0,0,column[0])#第1行第1列<br>sheet1.write(0,1,column[1])#第3行第3列<br>sheet1.write(0,2,column[2])#第2行第2列</p>
|
||||
<p>sheet1.write(1,0,name[0])#第2行第1列<br>sheet1.write(1,1,school_code[0])#第2行第1列<br>sheet1.write(1,2,age[0])#第3行第1列</p>
|
||||
<p>sheet1.write(2,0,name[1])<br>sheet1.write(2,1,school_code[1])<br>sheet1.write(2,2,age[1])</p>
|
||||
<p>sheet1.write(3,0,name[2])<br>sheet1.write(3,1,school_code[2])<br>sheet1.write(3,2,age[2])</p>
|
||||
<p>f.save(‘test1.xls’)</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">还是一样，注意每句的开头不可以有空格，因为python用*缩进*来表示编程的层次，缩进不同就会报错了。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">在保存writeexcel.py的位置上打开cmd，运行 python writeexcel.py</span><br><span class="line">可以看到结果：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">## 4.使用for循环语句读取并写入excel表格</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">非常好！您已经学会了如何读取和写入excel表格。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">但是，我们只能一个一个单元格读取和写入数据，这比手工操作excel表格快不了多少。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">接下来，我们需要学习使用for循环，来批量读取一个excel表格，并循环写入另一个excel表格中。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">不要删除test1.xls，在test1.xls文件的位置，新建一个rwexcel.py文件，将下面代码输入到文件中：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>import xlrd<br>import xlwt</p>
|
||||
<p>wb = xlrd.open_workbook(“test1.xls”)#打开文件<br>sheet1 = wb.sheet_by_index(0)#获取第一个表格</p>
|
||||
<p>column = []#列名</p>
|
||||
<p>data=[]</p>
|
||||
<p>#获取列名<br>column.append(sheet1.cell(0,0).value)#姓名<br>column.append(sheet1.cell(0,1).value)#学号<br>column.append(sheet1.cell(0,2).value)#年龄</p>
|
||||
<p>for i in range(1,sheet1.nrows):#sheet1.nrows 行数<br> coldata=[]<br> coldata.append(sheet1.cell(i, 0).value)#姓名<br> coldata.append(int(sheet1.cell_value(i, 1)))#学号<br> coldata.append(sheet1.cell(i, 2).value)#年龄<br> data.append(coldata)</p>
|
||||
<p>f = xlwt.Workbook()<br>sheetw = f.add_sheet(‘sheet1’,cell_overwrite_ok=True)</p>
|
||||
<p>sheetw.write(0,0,column[0])#姓名<br>sheetw.write(0,2,column[2])#学号<br>sheetw.write(0,1,column[1])#年龄</p>
|
||||
<p>for i in range(len(data)):<br> d=data[i]<br> sheetw.write(i+1, 0, d[0]) # 第2行第1列<br> sheetw.write(i+1, 1, d[1]) # 第2行第1列<br> sheetw.write(i+1, 2, d[2]) # 第3行第1列</p>
|
||||
<p>f.save(‘test2.xls’)</p>
|
||||
<p>```</p>
|
||||
<p>运行后，会生成一个test2.xls，与test1.xls一模一样。</p>
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<p><em>人生苦短，我用python早下班。如果觉得不错，对你工作中有帮助，请加我微信公众号flypython，我们一起探讨python相关问题</em></p>
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-01-02</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/自动化办公/" title="自动化办公">自动化办公</a></span>
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<article class="sub-container post-content">
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<blockquote>
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<p>【极简Python 自动化办公】专栏是介绍如何利用python办公，减少工作负荷。篇幅精炼，内容易懂，无论是否有编程基础，都非常适合。</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>在上次文章中，我们学习了【用python写入excel】，这次我们学习Python写word文档吧！</p>
|
||||
<p>场景：<br>有时候，办公室需要按模版生成的固定的文件，模板是固定的，只是每次需要替换信息。如下图的收入证明，模版中所有标黄的都是需要替换的信息：<br><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/pythonword_model0.png" alt><br>如果手工来做这个事情，每次至少需要10分钟的时间。假如每天要开15份，则至少要花2个半小时，而且手工编辑word很容易出错。</p>
|
||||
<p>可不可用python写个程序，解决这个问题呢？</p>
|
||||
<p>结论当然是肯定的！</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="0-摘要"><a href="#0-摘要" class="headerlink" title="0.摘要"></a>0.摘要</h2><p><strong>本文大约需要15分钟，建议在电脑上打开，边阅读边操作。</strong></p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>安装Python读写word模块，python-docx</li>
|
||||
<li>准备word模板，准备写入word文档内容</li>
|
||||
<li>编写python代码并运行</li>
|
||||
<li>通过读取excel表格中的信息，批量生成word文件</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<h2 id="1-安装python-docx模块"><a href="#1-安装python-docx模块" class="headerlink" title="1.安装python-docx模块"></a>1.安装python-docx模块</h2><p>与上篇文章类似，需要在cmd窗口输入<code>pip install python-docx</code>。<br><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypython_python_docx_pip.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<h2 id="2-准备word模板，准备写入word文档内容"><a href="#2-准备word模板，准备写入word文档内容" class="headerlink" title="2.准备word模板，准备写入word文档内容"></a>2.准备word模板，准备写入word文档内容</h2><p>word模板如上所示，（可以不需要标黄），这里注意，需要替换的文字或数字位置，用”XXXX”来固定替代。保存为<code>个人收入证明.docx</code>。</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>名称</th>
|
||||
<th>内容</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<td>姓名</td>
|
||||
<td>张三</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>身份证号</td>
|
||||
<td>104111199009103531</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>职务</td>
|
||||
<td>工程师</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>工作年限</td>
|
||||
<td>10</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>月收入</td>
|
||||
<td>10000</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>大写</td>
|
||||
<td>壹万元整</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>联系人</td>
|
||||
<td>李四</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>单位名称</td>
|
||||
<td>格物致知股份有限公司</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>单位地址</td>
|
||||
<td>珠海市横琴新区宝华路6号105室-67425</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>联系电话</td>
|
||||
<td>0756-8627528</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody></table>
|
||||
<h2 id="3-编写python代码并运行"><a href="#3-编写python代码并运行" class="headerlink" title="3. 编写python代码并运行"></a>3. 编写python代码并运行</h2><p>在word模板的同级目录，新建一个writeword.py文件，用记事本或其他文本编辑工具打开。</p>
|
||||
<p>编程思路：</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>用python打开对应doc模板</li>
|
||||
<li>按顺序找到每一个需要替换的位置字符”XXXX”，替换为对应的内容</li>
|
||||
<li>另存为doc为另一个文件</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>在文本编辑工具中输入如下代码，保存并关闭。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">from docx import Document</span><br><span class="line">#准备写入内容</span><br><span class="line">name="张三"</span><br><span class="line">id_code="104111199009103531"</span><br><span class="line">career="工程师"</span><br><span class="line">working_years="10"</span><br><span class="line">salary="10000"</span><br><span class="line">salary_uppercase="壹万元整"</span><br><span class="line">contact="李四"</span><br><span class="line">company="格物厚德股份有限公司"</span><br><span class="line">address="珠海市横琴新区宝华路6号105室-67425"</span><br><span class="line">tel="0756-8627528"</span><br><span class="line">#打开doc</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">textlist=[name,id_code,career,working_years,salary,salary_uppercase,company,address,contact,tel]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">doc = Document("个人收入证明.docx")</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">count=0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">for p in doc.paragraphs:</span><br><span class="line"> if 'XXXX' in p.text:</span><br><span class="line"> inline = p.runs</span><br><span class="line"> for i in range(len(inline)):</span><br><span class="line"> if 'XXXX' in inline[i].text:</span><br><span class="line"> text = inline[i].text.replace('XXXX', textlist[count])</span><br><span class="line"> inline[i].text = text</span><br><span class="line"> count+=1</span><br><span class="line"> print(count)</span><br><span class="line">doc.save("%s_个人收入证明.docx"%name)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>在同级目录，打开cmd，运行writeword.py <code>python writeword.py</code></p>
|
||||
<p>生成结果如下：<br><code>张三_个人收入证明.docx</code><br><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/pythonword2.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<h2 id="4-通过读取excel表格中的信息，批量生成word文件"><a href="#4-通过读取excel表格中的信息，批量生成word文件" class="headerlink" title="4.通过读取excel表格中的信息，批量生成word文件"></a>4.通过读取excel表格中的信息，批量生成word文件</h2><p>这里生成了对应word文件，但也有几个问题：</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>对应的日期并没有自动填写，应当填写文件生成时对应的日期</li>
|
||||
<li>如果是生成大量同样word文档的话，目前的程序也需要一个一个改，并没有提升太多效率</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>如果您看过我们之前的2篇用python读写excel的文章，您肯定就会想到，可以利用读取excel表格里的内容，批量生成对应的word文档。对，让我们继续吧！</p>
|
||||
<p>这里再准备一个excel文件，将需要批量写入的信息写在excel中，并保存为income.xlsx在同级目录，如下图：</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/pythonword23.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>修改python 文件writeword.py</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">from docx import Document</span><br><span class="line">#准备写入内容</span><br><span class="line">import xlrd</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line"># 当前时间元组</span><br><span class="line">from datetime import datetime</span><br><span class="line">nt=datetime.now()</span><br><span class="line"># 可以输入中文年月日</span><br><span class="line">datestr=nt.strftime('%Y{y}%m{m}%d{d}').format(y='年', m='月', d='日')</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">xlsx=xlrd.open_workbook('income.xlsx')</span><br><span class="line">sheet=xlsx.sheet_by_index(0)</span><br><span class="line">for row in range(1,sheet.nrows):</span><br><span class="line"> doc = Document("个人收入证明.docx")</span><br><span class="line"> count=0</span><br><span class="line"> textlist=[]</span><br><span class="line"> for col in range(0,sheet.ncols):</span><br><span class="line"> textlist.append(str(sheet.cell_value(row, col)))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> for p in doc.paragraphs:</span><br><span class="line"> if 'XXXX' in p.text:</span><br><span class="line"> inline = p.runs</span><br><span class="line"> for i in range(len(inline)):</span><br><span class="line"> if 'XXXX' in inline[i].text:</span><br><span class="line"> text = inline[i].text.replace('XXXX', textlist[count])</span><br><span class="line"> inline[i].text = text</span><br><span class="line"> count+=1</span><br><span class="line"> if 'X 年 X 月 X 日' in p.text:</span><br><span class="line"> inline = p.runs</span><br><span class="line"> for i in range(len(inline)):</span><br><span class="line"> if 'X 年 X 月 X 日' in inline[i].text:</span><br><span class="line"> text = inline[i].text.replace('X 年 X 月 X 日', datestr)</span><br><span class="line"> inline[i].text = text</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> doc.save("%s_个人收入证明.docx"%textlist[0])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p> 运行后，输入结果：</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/pythonword3.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/pythonword4.png" alt></p>
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<p><em>人生苦短，我用python早下班。如果觉得不错，对你工作中有帮助，请加我微信公众号flypython，我们一起探讨python相关问题</em></p>
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-01-03</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/自动化办公/" title="自动化办公">自动化办公</a></span>
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<p>在工作中，常常会遇到文档格式的转换。如果数据不多，手工转换就可以。如果是大量文档，那我们应该怎么办呢？</p>
|
||||
<p>今天我们将使用Python来批量处理文档转换的问题.</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="关于unoconv"><a href="#关于unoconv" class="headerlink" title="关于unoconv"></a>关于unoconv</h4><p>unoconv是一款跨平台的工具，用于格式转换，支持命令行。底层实现是依赖于开源的LibreOffice/OpenOffice。</p>
|
||||
<p>项目地址：<a href="https://github.com/unoconv/unoconv" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/unoconv/unoconv</a></p>
|
||||
<p>文档地址： <a href="http://dag.wiee.rs/home-made/unoconv/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://dag.wiee.rs/home-made/unoconv/</a></p>
|
||||
<p>根据unoconv的文档介绍，支持上百种文档格式的转换，已经覆盖了绝大部分的需求。</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="使用unoconv"><a href="#使用unoconv" class="headerlink" title="使用unoconv"></a>使用unoconv</h4><p>安装unoconv比较繁琐，而且需要针对中文进行进一步的字符集配置。我们可以选择别人已经集成好的服务来进行操作，在这里我们选择了docker-unoconv-webservice项目。</p>
|
||||
<p>项目地址为： <a href="https://github.com/zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice</a></p>
|
||||
<p>查看项目的README，接口如下: </p>
|
||||
<p><code>curl --form file=@myfile.docx http://localhost/unoconv/pdf > myfile.pdf</code></p>
|
||||
<p>我们使用下列命令，先把项目的镜像pull下来</p>
|
||||
<p><code>docker pull zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice</code></p>
|
||||
<p>然后启动命令如下：</p>
|
||||
<p><code>docker run -d -p 80:3000 zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice</code></p>
|
||||
<p>服务在80端口上提供服务，如果80端口被占用，可以调整为其他的端口</p>
|
||||
<p>确认服务正在运行：</p>
|
||||
<p><code>docker ps | grep zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice</code></p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[flypython] docker ps | grep zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice </span><br><span class="line">c014cf335b31 zrrrzzt/docker-unoconv-webservice "/bin/sh -c '/usr/bi…" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->3000/tcp brave_blackburn</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>从docx转换为pdf：</p>
|
||||
<p><code>curl --form file=@demo.docx http://localhost/unoconv/pdf > demo.pdf</code> </p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[flypython] curl --form file=@demo.docx http://localhost/unoconv/pdf > demo.pdf </span><br><span class="line"> % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current</span><br><span class="line"> Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed</span><br><span class="line">100 12089 100 4242 100 7847 2532 4684 0:00:01 0:00:01 --:--:-- 7213</span><br><span class="line">[flypython] ls demo* </span><br><span class="line">demo.docx demo.pdf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 id="使用Python批量请求"><a href="#使用Python批量请求" class="headerlink" title="使用Python批量请求"></a>使用Python批量请求</h4><p>Python批量请求的思路是，把需要转换的文档发送到服务器，服务器会返回转换后的格式，我们保存为文件就可以了。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">def post_file(url,path):</span><br><span class="line"> filename = os.path.basename(path)</span><br><span class="line"> convert_name = str(filename).split('.')[0] + '.pdf'</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> m = MultipartEncoder(</span><br><span class="line"> fields= {</span><br><span class="line"> 'file':(filename,open(path,'rb')),</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> )</span><br><span class="line"> response = requests.request('POST', url, data=m, headers={'Content-Type':m.content_type})</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> with open(convert_name, 'wb') as f:</span><br><span class="line"> f.write(response.content)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> return convert_name</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>好了，更多类型转换，更完整的应用需要你根据业务来完善，这次的介绍就到这里了。demo完整代码在github上，点击原文可以获取。</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://github.com/flypythoncom/flypython/blob/master/convert.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/flypythoncom/flypython/blob/master/convert.py</a></p>
|
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-01-04</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/自动化办公/" title="自动化办公">自动化办公</a></span>
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<blockquote>
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<p>【极简Python 自动化办公】专栏是介绍如何利用python办公，减少工作负荷。篇幅精炼，内容易懂，无论是否有编程基础，都非常适合。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>在日常的工作中，处理PDF是最平常不过的事情了。今天带来极简Python自动化办公系列之使用Python提取Pdf文字和表格，希望能够在PDF处理上帮到你。</p>
|
||||
<p>这次我们准备了一个pdf测试文件，内容如下：</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006y8mN6ly1g8e0nlr7gdj30kc0zcjua.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>pdf中包括了2页，有文字，图片和表格，覆盖了大部分pdf的场景。</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="pdfplumber介绍"><a href="#pdfplumber介绍" class="headerlink" title="pdfplumber介绍"></a>pdfplumber介绍</h4><p>Pdfplumber是一个可以处理pdf格式信息的库。它可以查找关于每个文本字符、矩阵、和行的详细信息，也可以对表格进行提取并进行可视化调试。</p>
|
||||
<p>官方repo:<br> <code>https://github.com/jsvine/pdfplumber</code></p>
|
||||
<p>安装：<br><code>pip install pdfplumber</code></p>
|
||||
<h4 id="使用入门"><a href="#使用入门" class="headerlink" title="使用入门"></a>使用入门</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">import pdfplumber</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">with pdfplumber.open("test.pdf") as pdf:</span><br><span class="line"> first_page = pdf.pages[0] #取第一页</span><br><span class="line"> print(first_page.chars[0])#打印第一页第一个字文字信息</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>结果：</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">{'fontname': 'CRSMRF+PingFangTC-Semibold', 'adv': Decimal('1.000'), 'upright': 1, 'x0': Decimal('57.000'), 'y0': Decimal('751.840'), 'x1': Decimal('81.000'), 'y1': Decimal('779.776'), 'width': Decimal('24.000'), 'height': Decimal('27.936'), 'size': Decimal('27.936'), 'object_type': 'char', 'page_number': 1, 'text': '关', 'top': Decimal('62.224'), 'bottom': Decimal('90.160'), 'doctop': Decimal('62.224')}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>格式化之后：</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006y8mN6ly1g8e0nm8qvij30kq0hi0um.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> "fontname":"CRSMRF+PingFangTC-Semibold",</span><br><span class="line"> "adv":"1.000",</span><br><span class="line"> "upright":1,</span><br><span class="line"> "x0":"57.000",</span><br><span class="line"> "y0":"751.840",</span><br><span class="line"> "x1":"81.000",</span><br><span class="line"> "y1":"779.776",</span><br><span class="line"> "width":"24.000",</span><br><span class="line"> "height":"27.936",</span><br><span class="line"> "size":"27.936",</span><br><span class="line"> "object_type":"char",</span><br><span class="line"> "page_number":1, #页数</span><br><span class="line"> "text":"关", #第一个文字</span><br><span class="line"> "top":"62.224",</span><br><span class="line"> "bottom":"90.160",</span><br><span class="line"> "doctop":"62.224"</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 id="常用方法"><a href="#常用方法" class="headerlink" title="常用方法"></a>常用方法</h4><ul>
|
||||
<li>extract_text() 用来提页面中的文本，将页面的所有字符对象整理为一个字符串</li>
|
||||
<li>extract_words() 返回的是所有的单词及其相关信息</li>
|
||||
<li>extract_tables() 提取页面的表格</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h4 id="提取文字"><a href="#提取文字" class="headerlink" title="提取文字"></a>提取文字</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">import pdfplumber</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">with pdfplumber.open("test.pdf") as pdf:</span><br><span class="line"> first_page = pdf.pages[0]</span><br><span class="line"> text = first_page.extract_text() #提取第一页的所有文字</span><br><span class="line"> print(text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006y8mN6ly1g8e0nmzq4wj30r007wgms.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">关于我们</span><br><span class="line">关于FlyPython</span><br><span class="line">FlyPython是提供⼀站式Python编程学习的组织，我们致⼒于为⽤户提供⾼</span><br><span class="line">效，有趣的学习环境，打造专注于Python的中⽂学习社区。</span><br><span class="line">联系我们</span><br><span class="line">客服&合作: 微信号 flypython</span><br><span class="line">微信公众号：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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|
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<h4 id="提取表格"><a href="#提取表格" class="headerlink" title="提取表格"></a>提取表格</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">import pdfplumber</span><br><span class="line">import pandas as pd</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">with pdfplumber.open("test.pdf") as pdf:</span><br><span class="line"> first_page = pdf.pages[0]</span><br><span class="line"> text = first_page.extract_text()</span><br><span class="line"> print(text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> second_page = pdf.pages[1] #第二页</span><br><span class="line"> table = second_page.extract_tables()#在第二页提取表格</span><br><span class="line"> for t in table:</span><br><span class="line"> df = pd.DataFrame(t[1:],columns=t[0])</span><br><span class="line"> print(df)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006y8mN6ly1g8e0no9hykj30po0f8wg9.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> 分类 书名</span><br><span class="line">0 Python入门 Python编程：从入门到\n实践</span><br><span class="line">1 Python中级 流畅的Python</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<h4 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h4><p>pdfplumber的接口还是很容易的，如果只是需要提取文字，几行代码就可以提取到。如果是表格并没有提取出来或者错误的提取了非表格的内容，你需要在提取表格时加入<code>table_settings</code>参数来指定表格的设置。</p>
|
||||
<p>这次的demo中，图片并没有提取出来，pdf图片的提取会放到下一篇文章，敬请期待。</p>
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<h2 class="wrapper title">Python读取PDF图片</h2>
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<div class="wrapper tips">
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-01-05</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/自动化办公/" title="自动化办公">自动化办公</a></span>
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<blockquote>
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<p>【极简Python 自动化办公】专栏是介绍如何利用python办公，减少工作负荷。篇幅精炼，内容易懂，无论是否有编程基础，都非常适合。</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>在上次的文章中，我们从PDF中提取了文字和表格，这次我们需要提取图片。</p>
|
||||
<p>还是先来看看我们上次的测试例子</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006y8mN6ly1g8e0nlr7gdj30kc0zcjua.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>这次我们要提取第一页的二维码图片。</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="fitz介绍"><a href="#fitz介绍" class="headerlink" title="fitz介绍"></a>fitz介绍</h4><p>pymupdf是mupdf的Python绑定，而今天我们要使用的fitz是pymupdf的子模块。需要的时候，使用pip安装。</p>
|
||||
<p><code>pip install pymupdf</code></p>
|
||||
<p>导入的时使用<code>import fitz</code>导入模块。</p>
|
||||
<p>更多信息可参考pymupdf的文档:<br><code>https://pymupdf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/</code></p>
|
||||
<h4 id="提取图片"><a href="#提取图片" class="headerlink" title="提取图片"></a>提取图片</h4><p>提取图片的思路是通过正则表达式找到图片对象，然后保存为图片格式。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">import fitz #pip install pymupdf</span><br><span class="line">import re</span><br><span class="line">import os</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def find_imag(path,img_path):</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> checkXO = r"/Type(?= */XObject)"</span><br><span class="line"> checkIM = r"/Subtype(?= */Image)"</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> pdf = fitz.open(path)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> img_count = 0</span><br><span class="line"> len_XREF = pdf._getXrefLength()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> print("文件名:{}, 页数: {}, 对象: {}".format(path, len(pdf), len_XREF - 1))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> for i in range(1, len_XREF):</span><br><span class="line"> text = pdf._getXrefString(i)</span><br><span class="line"> isXObject = re.search(checkXO, text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> # 使用正则表达式查看是否是图片</span><br><span class="line"> isImage = re.search(checkIM, text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> # 如果不是对象也不是图片，则continue</span><br><span class="line"> if not isXObject or not isImage:</span><br><span class="line"> continue</span><br><span class="line"> img_count += 1</span><br><span class="line"> # 根据索引生成图像</span><br><span class="line"> pix = fitz.Pixmap(pdf, i)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> new_name = path.replace('\\', '_') + "_img{}.png".format(img_count)</span><br><span class="line"> new_name = new_name.replace(':', '')</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> # 如果pix.n<5,可以直接存为PNG</span><br><span class="line"> if pix.n < 5:</span><br><span class="line"> pix.writePNG(os.path.join(img_path, new_name))</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> else:</span><br><span class="line"> pix0 = fitz.Pixmap(fitz.csRGB, pix)</span><br><span class="line"> pix0.writePNG(os.path.join(img_path, new_name))</span><br><span class="line"> pix0 = None</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> pix = None</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> print("提取了{}张图片".format(img_count))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">if __name__=='__main__':</span><br><span class="line"> pdf_path = r'test.pdf'</span><br><span class="line"> img_path = r'img'</span><br><span class="line"> m = find_imag(pdf_path, img_path)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>运行程序结果：</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[pdf] python3 pdf_img.py</span><br><span class="line">文件名:test.pdf, 页数: 2, 对象: 115</span><br><span class="line">提取了1张图片</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>在img目录中，已经存在了我们需要的文件</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/006y8mN6ly1g8osipfp3uj30uu0jqgrw.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<h4 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h4><p>pymupdf的使用，今天就简单介绍到这里。更多的功能请参考pymupdf文档。</p>
|
||||
<p>下一篇，我们将带来pdf转换为图片的讨论。</p>
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<p><em>人生苦短，我用python早下班。如果觉得不错，对你工作中有帮助，可以长按下列二维码关注我们的公众号。</em></p>
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174
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-02-01</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/Python入门/" title="Python入门">Python入门</a></span>
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<h1 id="你是如何自学-Python-的？"><a href="#你是如何自学-Python-的？" class="headerlink" title="你是如何自学 Python 的？"></a>你是如何自学 Python 的？</h1><p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonflypython001.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>why python?</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>你可能听说过python</p>
|
||||
<p>Python入门相对容易又可以干很多事(网站,>运维,数据,爬虫等），是一门方便的工具语言。<br><strong>2019年8月TIOBE排名显示Python已经名列第3</strong>，仅次于java和c，并且还在快速增长中。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
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<h2 id="Python的使用场景"><a href="#Python的使用场景" class="headerlink" title="Python的使用场景"></a>Python的使用场景</h2><h3 id="01-数据分析"><a href="#01-数据分析" class="headerlink" title="01 数据分析"></a>01 数据分析</h3><p>对于数据分析和机器学习，Python是首选编程语言。python有众多数据分析工具，知名数据分析比赛网站kaggle，90%以上的竞赛代码都是用python写成。大数据平台如spark、flink，python有完整的支持api可调用。</p>
|
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<h3 id="02-网站开发"><a href="#02-网站开发" class="headerlink" title="02 网站开发"></a>02 网站开发</h3><p>对于网站开发，Python的生态环境也可以支撑起重量级的产品。<br>国外的Youtube，Instagram，Pinterest，Reddit，Dropbox，Disqus， Quora等知名应用一开始都是基于Python构建，国内的豆瓣，知乎，果壳，饿了么，等初期在也是Python应用的典型。</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="03-爬虫"><a href="#03-爬虫" class="headerlink" title="03 爬虫"></a>03 爬虫</h3><p>对于爬虫，则想不到比python更方便、更通用的的语言了。Python极其丰富的生态，诸如Request、Beautiful Soup、Scrapy、PySpider等第三方库，加上简洁易上手的语法，分分钟就能让你写出一个爬虫来。</p>
|
||||
<p>此外，还有机器学习、人工智能、科学计算、IT运维等领域，Python都是极其方便顺手的工具，更重要的是，永远开源，免费。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="Python的就业前景"><a href="#Python的就业前景" class="headerlink" title="Python的就业前景"></a>Python的就业前景</h2><p>在it行业飞速发展的今天，在数据成为it命脉的时代，python的重要意义越来越不言自明。学习python，不仅仅是一门可以调用数据结构和算法的语言，在学会python的同时，可以同时学会爬取互联网海量资源，学会自动化分析互联网海量数据，学会制作展示宣传的网站，学会使用人工智能预测和改变世界。</p>
|
||||
<p>学习一门语言，得到多种技能，以及大数据的思维方式，何乐而不为呢。</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="Python有多火？"><a href="#Python有多火？" class="headerlink" title="Python有多火？"></a>Python有多火？</h3><p>Python有多火？大多数IT研发岗位，都需要Python程序员；甚至许多非研发岗位，纷纷在JD中给出精通Python技能者优先的字样。</p>
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<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonpython%20job.jpg" alt></p>
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<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonpython%20job2.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<h2 id="Python的学习曲线"><a href="#Python的学习曲线" class="headerlink" title="Python的学习曲线"></a>Python的学习曲线</h2><p>对于爱好者来说， python上手非常容易，学习曲线非常平滑。基本的例子，几行代码都能完成。</p>
|
||||
<p>python代码环境安装几乎是傻瓜式的，不像java要考虑众多库的配置和解决冲突。如果有编程的基础甚至只需要几小时就能上手，即使没有基础的小白，通过努力，7-10天，每天1小时，也可以快速掌握基本编程技巧。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="Python的学习资料"><a href="#Python的学习资料" class="headerlink" title="Python的学习资料"></a>Python的学习资料</h2><p>Python官网<br>Python.org</p>
|
||||
<p>廖雪峰的Python教程<br><a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/</a></p>
|
||||
<p>简明python教程<br><a href="http://www.kuqin.com/abyteofpython_cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.kuqin.com/abyteofpython_cn/</a></p>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<p>重点推荐书籍：《Python 基础教程》</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonflpython001zhihu.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>知乎评价:<br><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonflpython001zhihu002.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>其他入门书籍：</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Head First Python</li>
|
||||
<li>Dive Into Python</li>
|
||||
<li>Python 核心编程</li>
|
||||
<li>深入理解 Python</li>
|
||||
<li>Python 标准库</li>
|
||||
<li>Python 编程指南</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>（我们搜集了一些网上的电子书版本，关注公众号，回复”python”获取）</p>
|
||||
<p>当然，英文著作虽然经典，但涉及领域众多，概念多，信息量大，不适合速成。网上的资料丰富，但也鱼龙混杂。</p>
|
||||
<p>以 “Python入门” 为关键字搜索出的结果成千上万。不少小白选手难免会东一榔头西一棒槌，最终看了很多文章，却仍没跨过新手那道门槛。</p>
|
||||
<p>我们这里有一个python的入门课程，帮你把需要掌握的python基础知识都融汇贯通在小篇幅中。我们提供了很多有趣的实践项目，并且可以进群，互助学习，遇到困难有人来解答。</p>
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<p>加群请关注公众号，并回复“训练营”<br> <img src="https://flypython.com/images/wechat.png" alt="flypython微信公众号"></p>
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-02-02</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/Python入门/" title="Python入门">Python入门</a></span>
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<section class="wrapper main-wrapper">
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<article class="sub-container post-content">
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<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>11 月 15 日，SOHO 中国董事长潘石屹在微博上宣布，开始学习一门新的语言 Python，这也是今天给自己人生的礼物。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87_20191115152124.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>什么鬼？房地产大佬要学python？</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/pys.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>潘石屹，一位成功的房地产开发商老板，第一专业是石油方面的，63年出生，年龄都超过了55岁，这些描述怎么着都和编程沾不上边啊。然而，最近他非常高调地表示，要学习一款编程语言。<br>虽然我不同意他的有些观点，不过他的跨界，不给自己设限的态度是还是值得学习的。<br>大佬都忙着学编程，这让我们35岁左右的专业程序员们非常惭愧啊（难道非得财务自由以后才能学python么）。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/flypythonflypython001.jpg" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>潘石屹学python肯定不是为了转行找工作，肯定也不是为了爬取全网美女图片，他在微博里详细阐述了我们为什么要学习Python语言。</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE_20191115152906.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>我们为什么要学习python——使用范围广<br>01.数据分析</p>
|
||||
<p>对于数据科学和机器学习，Python是首选编程语言。python有众多数据分析工具，知名数据分析比赛网站kaggle，90%以上的竞赛代码都是用python写成。大数据平台如hadoop、spark、flink、beam，python有完整的支持api可调用。</p>
|
||||
<p>02.网站开发</p>
|
||||
<p>对于网站开发，Python的生态环境也可以支撑起重量级的产品。国外的Youtube，Instagram，Pinterest，Reddit，Dropbox，Disqus， Quora等知名应用一开始都是基于Python构建，国内的豆瓣，知乎，果壳，饿了么，等初期在也是Python应用的典型。</p>
|
||||
<p>03.爬虫</p>
|
||||
<p>对于爬虫，则想不到比python更方便、更通用的的语言了。Python极其丰富的生态，诸如Request、Beautiful Soup、Scrapy、PySpider等第三方库，加上简洁易上手的语法，分分钟就能让你写出一个爬虫来。</p>
|
||||
<p>此外，还有机器学习、人工智能、科学计算、IT运维等领域，Python都是极其方便顺手的工具，更重要的是，永远开源，免费。</p>
|
||||
<p>Python的就业前景<br>在it行业飞速发展的今天，在数据成为it命脉的时代，python的重要意义越来越不言自明。学习python，不仅仅是一门可以调用数据结构和算法的语言，在学会python的同时，可以同时学会爬取互联网海量资源，学会自动化分析互联网海量数据，学会制作展示宣传的网站，学会使用人工智能预测和改变世界。学习一门语言，得到多种技能，以及大数据的思维方式，何乐而不为呢。</p>
|
||||
<p>Python有多火？大多数IT研发岗位，都需要Python程序员；甚至许多非研发岗位，纷纷在JD中给出精通Python技能者优先的字样。</p>
|
||||
<p>Python的学习曲线<br>对于爱好者来说， python上手非常容易，学习曲线非常平滑。基本的例子，几行代码都能完成。python代码环境安装几乎是傻瓜式的，不像java要考虑众多库的配置和解决冲突。如果有编程的基础甚至只需要几小时就能上手，即使没有基础的小白，通过努力，7-10天，每天1小时，也可以快速掌握基本编程技巧。</p>
|
||||
<p>Python的学习资料</p>
|
||||
<p>Python官网 </p>
|
||||
<p>Python.org</p>
|
||||
<p>廖雪峰的Python教程 </p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/</a></p>
|
||||
<p>简明的python教程 </p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.kuqin.com/abyteofpython_cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.kuqin.com/abyteofpython_cn/</a></p>
|
||||
<p>重点推荐书籍：</p>
|
||||
<p>《Python 基础教程》</p>
|
||||
<p>知乎评价:</p>
|
||||
<p>其他入门书籍：</p>
|
||||
<p>Head First Python</p>
|
||||
<p>Dive Into Python</p>
|
||||
<p>Python 核心编程</p>
|
||||
<p>深入理解 Python</p>
|
||||
<p>Python 标准库</p>
|
||||
<p>Python 编程指南</p>
|
||||
<p>（我们搜集了一些网上的电子书版本，关注公众号，回复”python”获取）</p>
|
||||
<p>当然，英文著作虽然经典，但涉及领域众多，概念多，信息量大，不适合速成。网上的资料丰富，但也鱼龙混杂。</p>
|
||||
<p>以 “Python入门” 为关键字搜索出的结果成千上万。不少小白选手难免会东一榔头西一棒槌，最终看了很多文章，却仍没跨过新手那道门槛。</p>
|
||||
<p>我们这里有一个python的入门课程，帮你把需要掌握的python基础知识都融汇贯通在小篇幅中。我们提供了很多有趣的实践项目，并且可以进群，互助学习，遇到困难有人来解答。</p>
|
||||
<p>加群请加个人微信号flypython。</p>
|
||||
<p>人生苦短，我用python早下班。如果觉得不错，对你工作中有帮助，动动手指分享给更多人哦。</p>
|
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Normal file
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<h2 class="wrapper title">Python正则15分钟入门</h2>
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<span>Author：</span><span>flypython</span> | <span>Date: </span><span>2019-02-03</span> | <span>Category：</span><span><a href="/fly/Python入门/" title="Python入门">Python入门</a></span>
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<p>flypython群里有同学问我，如何从大量格式不确定的word文档抽取姓名、电话号码、邮箱等信息存入excel表格。通过之前我们的文章，他已经学会读取和写入文档和表格，但就是无法处理格式不确定的文档。<strong>这里介绍的正则方法，可以帮助他解决这个问题。</strong></p>
|
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<h2 id="目标"><a href="#目标" class="headerlink" title="目标"></a>目标</h2><p>15分钟内让你真正明白正则表达式是什么，并且让你可以在自己的python程序里正确使用它。</p>
|
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<p>你将学会：</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>极简python使用正则的方法</li>
|
||||
<li>如果利用python高效的匹配字符串</li>
|
||||
<li>如何利用python正则进行文本判断、过滤、信息提取</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<h2 id="0-极简正则入门"><a href="#0-极简正则入门" class="headerlink" title="0.极简正则入门"></a>0.极简正则入门</h2><p>假设程序从word或者excel读取了一串字符串，字符串中有一部分是电话号码，现在需要完整提取这个电话号码。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">reg=re.compile(<span class="string">"[0-9]+"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">a=reg.findall(<span class="string">"我的电话是3555487"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输出：</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/20191016101032.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>解释：<br><code>"[0-9]+"</code>是正则表达式，意思是匹配0-9的数字，<code>"+"</code><br>表示可以匹配1次-多次，<code>reg.findall</code>表示从后面的字符串里找到所有的匹配值。</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="1-字符集"><a href="#1-字符集" class="headerlink" title="1.字符集"></a>1.字符集</h2><p>字符集，又叫元字符，就是用一些特殊符号表示特定种类的字符或位置。</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="匹配字符"><a href="#匹配字符" class="headerlink" title="匹配字符"></a>匹配字符</h4><table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center">代码</th>
|
||||
<th>说明</th>
|
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</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>.</code></td>
|
||||
<td>匹配除换行符以外的任意一个字符</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>\d</code></td>
|
||||
<td>匹配数字</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>\w</code></td>
|
||||
<td>匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>\s</code></td>
|
||||
<td>匹配任意的空白符</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>^</code></td>
|
||||
<td>匹配字符串的开始</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>$</code></td>
|
||||
<td>匹配字符串的结束</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody></table>
|
||||
<p>举例</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">reg=re.compile(<span class="string">"我."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">a=reg.findall(<span class="string">"我的电话是3555487"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输出：<br><img src="http://jcjview.github.io/img/re201910161010321.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<h4 id="重复匹配"><a href="#重复匹配" class="headerlink" title="重复匹配"></a>重复匹配</h4><table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center">代码</th>
|
||||
<th>说明</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody><tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>*</code></td>
|
||||
<td>重复0次-无数次</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>+</code></td>
|
||||
<td>重复1次-无数次</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>?</code></td>
|
||||
<td>重复0次-1次</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>{m}</code></td>
|
||||
<td>重复m次</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="center"><code>{m,n}</code></td>
|
||||
<td>重复m-n次</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody></table>
|
||||
<p>举例</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">reg=re.compile(<span class="string">"5+"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">a=reg.findall(<span class="string">"我的电话是3555487"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输出：<br><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/re_20191016101824.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<h4 id="贪婪与懒惰"><a href="#贪婪与懒惰" class="headerlink" title="贪婪与懒惰"></a>贪婪与懒惰</h4><p>贪婪：匹配尽可能长的字符串<br>懒惰：匹配尽可能短的字符串<br>懒惰模式的启用只需在重复元字符之后加?既可。</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><code>*?</code> 重复任意次，但尽可能少重复</li>
|
||||
<li><code>+?</code> 重复1次或更多次，但尽可能少重复</li>
|
||||
<li><code>??</code> 重复0次或1次，但尽可能少重复</li>
|
||||
<li><code>{n,m}?</code> 重复n到m次，但尽可能少重复</li>
|
||||
<li><code>{n,}?</code> 重复n次以上，但尽可能少重复</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>举例</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">reg=re.compile(<span class="string">"5+?"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">a=reg.findall(<span class="string">"我的电话是3555487"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输出<br><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img//re_20191016101824111.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>注意：<br>如果想匹配元字符本身或者正则中的一些特殊字符，使用<code>\\</code>转义。</p>
|
||||
<p>这里介绍的正则内容是最基础的，想要了解更详细的正则表达式语法，请参考：</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="2-利用正则判断"><a href="#2-利用正则判断" class="headerlink" title="2.利用正则判断"></a>2.利用正则判断</h2><h4 id="判断"><a href="#判断" class="headerlink" title="判断"></a>判断</h4><p>有时候我们想利用正则表达式对用户输入进行判断，比如判断用户输入的身份证号是否符合规则，那么可以这样写：</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">r=<span class="string">r'^([1-9]\d{5}[12]\d{3}(0[1-9]|1[012])(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])\d{3}[0-9xX])$'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s1 = <span class="string">'110102200101014779'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#判断s1字符串是符合正则r</span></span><br><span class="line">an = re.search(r, s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> an:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">print</span> (<span class="string">'yes'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">print</span> (<span class="string">'no'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输入结果<br><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/re_20191016104208.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<p>说明：<code>^</code>字符表示必须匹配字符串开头；<code>$</code>表示必须匹配字符串结尾。</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="过滤"><a href="#过滤" class="headerlink" title="过滤"></a>过滤</h4><p>假设，输出一串文本，只想保留汉字，去除特殊符号。代码如下：</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">special_character_removal = re.compile(<span class="string">r'[，。、【 】“”：；（）《》‘’{}？！⑦%>℃.^-——=&#@￥『』]'</span>, re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line">line=<span class="string">"贾蓉看了说：“高明的很。还要请教先生，这病与『性』命终久有妨无妨？”"</span></span><br><span class="line">l = special_character_removal.sub(<span class="string">''</span>, line)</span><br><span class="line">print(l)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输入结果：<br><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/re_20191016104753.png" alt></p>
|
||||
<h4 id="查找位置"><a href="#查找位置" class="headerlink" title="查找位置"></a>查找位置</h4><p>查找某个文本在字符串中的位置，一般用于信息提取。</p>
|
||||
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">p = re.compile(<span class="string">"\d+"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">content=<span class="string">"2019年9月9月9日"</span></span><br><span class="line">result2 = p.finditer(content)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> m <span class="keyword">in</span> result2:</span><br><span class="line"> print(<span class="string">"str"</span>,m.group()) <span class="comment">##字符串</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(<span class="string">"start: "</span>,m.start(),<span class="string">" end: "</span>,m.end()) <span class="comment">##字符串位置</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>输出结果</p>
|
||||
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jcjview/jcjview.github.io/master/img/re_20191016110227.png" alt></p>
|
||||
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