Delete arithmetic_analysis/ directory and relocate its contents (#10824)

* Remove eval from arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py

* Relocate contents of arithmetic_analysis/

Delete the arithmetic_analysis/ directory and relocate its files because
the purpose of the directory was always ill-defined. "Arithmetic
analysis" isn't a field of math, and the directory's files contained
algorithms for linear algebra, numerical analysis, and physics.

Relocated the directory's linear algebra algorithms to linear_algebra/,
its numerical analysis algorithms to a new subdirectory called
maths/numerical_analysis/, and its single physics algorithm to physics/.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

maths/numerical_analysis/newton_forward_interpolation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/newton-forward-backward-interpolation/
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+
+
+# for calculating u value
+def ucal(u: float, p: int) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> ucal(1, 2)
+    0
+    >>> ucal(1.1, 2)
+    0.11000000000000011
+    >>> ucal(1.2, 2)
+    0.23999999999999994
+    """
+    temp = u
+    for i in range(1, p):
+        temp = temp * (u - i)
+    return temp
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    n = int(input("enter the numbers of values: "))
+    y: list[list[float]] = []
+    for _ in range(n):
+        y.append([])
+    for i in range(n):
+        for j in range(n):
+            y[i].append(j)
+            y[i][j] = 0
+
+    print("enter the values of parameters in a list: ")
+    x = list(map(int, input().split()))
+
+    print("enter the values of corresponding parameters: ")
+    for i in range(n):
+        y[i][0] = float(input())
+
+    value = int(input("enter the value to interpolate: "))
+    u = (value - x[0]) / (x[1] - x[0])
+
+    # for calculating forward difference table
+
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        for j in range(n - i):
+            y[j][i] = y[j + 1][i - 1] - y[j][i - 1]
+
+    summ = y[0][0]
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        summ += (ucal(u, i) * y[0][i]) / math.factorial(i)
+
+    print(f"the value at {value} is {summ}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()